this post was submitted on 28 Aug 2023
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I've just started my Linux journey earlier this year. As a goal to learn how to self-host applications and services that will allow me to take back some control of my data. Immich instead of Google Photos, for example.

I have a local server running Unraid and 22 docker containers now. And then a VPS (Ubuntu 20.04 LTS) running two apps. I've learned a ton but one thing I can't seem to wrap my brain around is navigation through the file structure using only terminal. My crutch has been to open a SFTP session in Cyberduck to the same device I'm SSH'd to and try to figure things out that way. I know enough to change directories, make directories, using Tree to show the file structure at different levels of depth. But I feel like I'm missing some efficient way to find my way to files and folders I need to get to. Or are y'all just memorizing it and know where everything is by now?

I come from a Windows background and even then I sometimes catch myself checking via explorer where a directory is instead of using CMD or PowerShell to find it.

I'd love to hear any tips or tricks!

EDIT: I've been using Termius because they have a great Android client, but I wasn't about to pay $5/mo for sync. Especially to sync to someone else's cloud. Which led me to Tabby, which I understand has quite a large footprint resource-wise. But I guess I either don't know enough yet to be mad about it or it hasn't impacted any of my systems negatively yet. No Android client though, but you can bring your own sync solution and it has a handy little shortcut to SFTP to the current directory you're in. Between that and stuff like ranger, it's made it so much easier to learn my way around!

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[–] [email protected] 67 points 1 year ago (10 children)

I think it’s just a matter of getting used to it. I had the same issue at first and the more I used the command line, the more I started to prefer it to GUI apps for certain tasks.

A couple things that I use all the time:

  • tab completion is incredible
  • cd - goes back to the last directory you were in (useful for bouncing back and forth between locations)
  • !$ means the last argument. So if you ls ~/Downloads and then decide you want to go there, you can cd !$.
  • :h removes the last piece of a path. So I can do vim /etc/network/interfaces and then cd !$:h will take me to /etc/network.
[–] [email protected] 13 points 1 year ago

Besides using !$, alt+. on bash copies the last argument into the line you are typing, which might be better if you want to edit it.

[–] [email protected] 5 points 1 year ago (2 children)

I've used the cd - several times, it is very handy. the others are new to me so I'll check it out.

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[–] [email protected] 53 points 1 year ago (1 children)

You're pressing the tab key for auto completion right?

[–] [email protected] 12 points 1 year ago (5 children)

Um...no. I'll admit I didn't know that was an option. Weirdly I do it all the time in PowerShell. Though I am using Termius right now and at least on Android it doesn't support tab auto complete. That said, it does auto suggest as you type to get you in the ballpark. I'll have to try it again from my PC once I get my office put back together.

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[–] [email protected] 21 points 1 year ago

Others have mentioned using interactive tools like zoxide to easily get to frequently visited directories.

In addition, I also use nnn (https://github.com/jarun/nnn), which is a terminal file manager that you can navigate through. You can create shortcuts, snippets and bookmarks with this. I use this and zoxide + fzf regularly on CLI to navigate.

Some here also mention ranger, which is another terminal file manager. In my limited experience with ranger, I feel like the start up time is much slower than nnn; but I haven’t tried much. Tho with ranger + graphic-accelerated terminals like kitty, I believe you can preview images and files, which seems to be a great feature. So it depends on your need.

[–] [email protected] 20 points 1 year ago (2 children)

I am old and I like ‘mc’ (Midnight Commander) a lot when doing many/complex file operations

[–] [email protected] 5 points 1 year ago

Reminder that mc has the ability to make directory bookmarks (Ctrl + /).

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[–] [email protected] 18 points 1 year ago* (last edited 1 year ago) (3 children)

Something I haven't seen mentioned here is Ctrl + R on the command line to quick-search history. You start typing/backspacing and it shows the most recent matching history entry. Press Ctrl + R or Ctrl + Shift + R to navigate up and down through matching entries. Press Enter to pick an entry, Ctrl + C to cancel.

[–] [email protected] 7 points 1 year ago

Also, if OP is new, they may not yet be aware of aliases and functions. Generally you'd out those in a ~/.bashrc file that gets automatically executed when a terminal starts. They'll allow you to save a more complex command as a really simple one. And particularly can be useful when things you want to run are in unusual directories. Eg, maybe you have a git repo somewhere that contains some project you spend most of your time on, so you could have an alias that just cd's you to it's directory. Git also has its own way of doing aliases and that's really nifty for the more complicated git commands (or the more commonly used, like st for status).

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[–] [email protected] 18 points 1 year ago (1 children)
  • ls / cd for basic stuff

  • fzf if I want to find my way through the history

  • broot if I want to search for a file

  • ripgrep if I want to find a file with specific contents.

I know that the last 3 are not available by default, but they are good pieces of software, so I'm just going to install them.

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[–] [email protected] 16 points 1 year ago (3 children)

I did 4 things, that helped me a lot:

  1. Make aliases for the most visited directories

alias cem=’cd /home/drops/.config/emacs’

  1. Make aliases for moving up the tree tree:

alias. .=’cd. . && ls’

Three points for two levels up, etc...

  1. Name all directories lowercase, 3-5 letters long, and try to avoid directories with the same starting letter as siblings That way you can use tab completion with just a single letter

  2. Use the option to jump to subdirectories of /home/user from everywhere.

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[–] [email protected] 15 points 1 year ago (3 children)

Not strictly file browsing advice, but you can quickly search for previously issued commands by hitting ctrl-r and starting to type. (and you can press it again to search further back)

[–] [email protected] 5 points 1 year ago (1 children)

Can't believe I've never heard of this before, thanks for the tip!

[–] [email protected] 6 points 1 year ago

Another person saved from hitting up 50 times

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[–] [email protected] 15 points 1 year ago

I simply use ls and spam cd xyz cd .. etc

[–] [email protected] 14 points 1 year ago (1 children)

The Linux Command Line is a book I still go back and look stuff up in.

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[–] [email protected] 11 points 1 year ago (2 children)

For navigating files quickly fzf is pretty much crucial to my workflow. Being able to get my home directory to the directory of the project I want to work on in two seconds flat is such a nice feeling after manually typing the path in for months. https://github.com/junegunn/fzf

[–] [email protected] 5 points 1 year ago (2 children)

I've got to agree. It's replaced z for me and its just a great multipurpose tool

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[–] [email protected] 11 points 1 year ago (1 children)

I just use ls, cd, tree and tab completion. Sometimes I will use rg to find files which contains specified string, and use locate to find files which I known name but path.

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[–] [email protected] 11 points 1 year ago (1 children)

In Linux, the locate command is crazy fast. I am amazed at how slow search is in Windows, compared to this.

[–] [email protected] 8 points 1 year ago (4 children)

Locate cheats by using a pre-built index.

[–] [email protected] 11 points 1 year ago (3 children)

But after the 2.5 years it takes to build the Windows index wouldn't it be the same - just searching through a built index?

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[–] [email protected] 6 points 1 year ago (1 children)

Windows indexes files too though.

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[–] karet 11 points 1 year ago (1 children)

Check out ranger fm, helps navigate through files very quickly, also has a ton of features

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[–] [email protected] 10 points 1 year ago* (last edited 1 year ago)

There are a few directory structures I have memorized, like my programming projects for instance. For everything else, I use the GUI. That's what it's there for. Mixing and match to get the best of both worlds. Some handy tips:

  • xdg-open will act like clicking on a file in the GUI, and is an easy way to open folders from the terminal when you want to browse them.
  • Use sshfs or even just whatever is built into your desktop environment to connect to remote servers and browse them
  • Most terminals let you drag files or folders into them to paste their paths
[–] [email protected] 10 points 1 year ago

To navigate quickly between directories in ssh, I recommend you using zoxide as cd replacement.

Zoxide remembers the directories you visited, then you can jump to them very quickly.

[–] [email protected] 10 points 1 year ago* (last edited 1 year ago) (1 children)

What file structure? I just put everything in /home and then try to vaguely remember part of the filename and glob *part-of-filename*.

Ok, actually, every couple of years, I move all my files into a new directory, /home/old. I think I'm up to /home/old/old/old/old/old right now. I recommend using find to look for files in there.

[–] [email protected] 6 points 1 year ago (3 children)

You should be putting them onto CDs. Lets you have cool covers to recognise them how old it is.

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[–] [email protected] 9 points 1 year ago (1 children)

Use the fish shell... No, seriously it's autocomplete and tab functionality makes browsing directories through the terminal so much easier

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[–] [email protected] 9 points 1 year ago* (last edited 1 year ago) (1 children)

Not necessarily navigation, but ncdu will give the total size of your directories. It's a simple but very useful tool

[–] [email protected] 5 points 1 year ago

Oh that is handy. I've been trying to figure out wtf is taking up so much room on my VPS that's only running Miniflux and Wallabag.

[–] [email protected] 9 points 1 year ago

i have broot, an interactive tree

[–] [email protected] 8 points 1 year ago

Useful one I find is the z program you can install it with package manager and it's also included with zsh shell. It's basically like a smart cd command. Instead of having to type the entire path for cd, when using z you can just type the destination folder and if it's in your history it will resolve the path by itself.

[–] [email protected] 7 points 1 year ago

cd, ls, and the tab key are the basic tools of terminal filesystem navigation

[–] [email protected] 7 points 1 year ago (5 children)

I use ls and ranger, to find files i use find -name and remember that * is used as a wildcard so you can use it when searching for stuff with in incomplete filename or when copying or moving files/directories. You could also use colorls to add some flare to your ls, and oh-my-zsh for syntax highlighting and tab autocomplete

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[–] [email protected] 7 points 1 year ago

Try a TUI like mc (midnight commander)

[–] [email protected] 6 points 1 year ago (2 children)
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[–] [email protected] 6 points 1 year ago

pushd and popd may be useful

[–] [email protected] 5 points 1 year ago

Look into your shell’s tab completion abilities, the find command, and fzf. There’s also stuff like midnight commander but I find that to be a little overkill for my tastes.

[–] [email protected] 5 points 1 year ago (8 children)

I just type ls everytime I cd into something. It's not that efficient honestly but I usually remember where I want to go after going there a couple times. Also if you hit tab twice after typing cd and a space, it shows all of the files in the directory.

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[–] [email protected] 5 points 1 year ago (2 children)

Old school, but I really like midnight commander or mc. Fast and easy.

Another good one is ranger - more concise, but great.

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[–] [email protected] 5 points 1 year ago* (last edited 1 year ago) (1 children)

You can quickly display the filesystem hierarchy using the tree command.

[–] [email protected] 5 points 1 year ago

Yeah I've been messing with that. I like that you can limit how deep you want to go, like if you just want to see folders but not the files within, for example.

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