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I'm quite proud of the system I have for the Orcs of my world. Essentially they live in tribes with a clear leader who sets all the rules and expected behaviours for their tribe known as traditions. Tribe members follow the traditions without question most of the time. But there is a cultural expectation that if any tribe member feels a tradition is wrong or no longer necessary, they must call this out and be ready to stand by their ideas. The leader must provide the tribe member time and opportunity to gain followers to their traditions and then gift them resources to start their own tribe. In this way the tribes with the best traditions tend to grow and the tribes with poor traditions either die out or are absorbed by larger tribes.

I like the idea that a new player coming to my games will be able to make assumptions about orc culture based on preconceptions made from other depictions of orcs over the years, and it would be fairly accurate for my world on a surface level, but there's so much more to it.

I usually just copy paste historical (flawed) stuff I find interesting.

While I like goofing around with stuff like "modeling functioning government", I believe it distracts from the PC's stories (and leads to ideological discussions at the table.)

Probably the time the party descended into the mind of a genius madman. What governed the world(s) was entirely his thoughts. Kind of like Through the Looking Glass. But there was a method to the madness, and they were able to eventually destroy what was causing his madness, and thereby free him to save the real world.

This isn't strange; 'sacrificial kings' have existed in many cultures. To quote Wikipedia, 'The king might be designated to suffer and atone for his people, meaning that the sacral king could be the pre-ordained victim in a human sacrifice, either killed at the end of his term in the position, or sacrificed in a time of crisis (e.g. the Blót of Domalde).'

I'm not sure it's very strange or creative, but I liked what I had for the little city state of Bass Lake.

There had been an absolute monarch. He was an evil man, and the people overthrew him. There was a dramatic final showdown on the top of the keep and everything.

Afterwards, the people who had lead the revolution didn't want to set up the same kind of system. They declared themselves a sort of commune. Shared property, equality for all, etc. Very idealistic.

However, most of the people didn't really get that. They kept referring to the head of the revolution, Lucas, as the king. And he'd be like no, not the king, an equal like everyone else. And they'd be like oh right sure. And then later be right back to calling him King. It was very exasperating for Lucas. The neighboring states also didn't like it at all.

The main plot of the game was tied into some counter-revolutionaries who wanted to restore the old king to the throne. They weren't happy being "equals". They wanted to be on top. To be the boots on the necks and to be able to push people around with impunity. Well, and one key character just blamed Lucas specifically for his family dying, so he threw in with the counter revolutionaries.

I wouldn't say creative, but a soulless corporatocracy is our current ruling group. On an interstellar scale, it's all about minerals and stealing knowledge from others.