PETG has become the second "entry level" filament besides PLA because it's almost as easy to print with (just hotter) and also doesn't require an enclosure. Not as stiff as PLA and has a little flex, so perfect for prints that don't have to be 100% rigid. For example I printed a smartphone holder for my bike out of PETG with 4 "arms" that grip the corners, and it has just enough flex so I can get the phone in and out. Temperature resistance is only a bit higher than PLA.

TPU/TPE are flexibles and available in all grades of flex, the softer ones can be tough to print on bowden machines.

The "kings" of temperature resistance and toughness are ABS, ASA, PC (blend) and PA ("nylon"), but they pretty much require an enclosure and good ventilation (fumes...) and have to be printed very hot, so an all-metal hotend is highly recommended.

PETG is great but ABS is still more durable I think in most cases and probably more rigid.

But PETG does not give off toxic fumes. I believe I remember there being even less fumes than PLA.

PETG is trickier to print than PLA though, but easier (and safer) than nylon. TPU and TPE are flexible and don't really compare apples to apples with the others.

ASA is ABS but a little easier. PC is my favorite for structural parts. You can get away with small stuff in PC without an enclosure. It is ideal for print fan shrouds too as it has the highest temp tolerance of any hobby grade filament.

I'm fond of PVB, as anyone who's read my posts here may have noticed. Prints with similar settings to plain PLA, but can be smoothed with isopropyl alcohol, and smoothed prints can be pretty close to truly transparent if that's your thing. Also, smoothed prints have much improved interlayer adhesion, for obvious reasons.

I've printed a couple of spools of PETG at this point, and it's touchier than PLA, but still easier than the ABS/ASA/HIPS family plastics. In particular, it likes to be stringy, so you need to either tune your retraction or do a certain amount of postprocessing on prints to get uniformly smooth surfaces (I mostly settle for the latter, and "good enough").

I also have a spool of PCL (filament with a very low printing temperature) that I keep meaning to get around to playing with. What can I say? It was on sale. (I buy mostly from filaments.ca , who often have somewhat exotic plastics among their house brand filaments, although they can never seem to keep them in stock. Just as well, since it keeps me from impulse-buying LLDPE or the like.)

Might give ASA a look while you're at it.

I have printed some fan shrouds in Polycarbonate (PC). ASA is another popular one. Check this article out.

TPU is awesome, even with bowden printer. I would even say it's easier than PETG.