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New Linux Flaws Enable Full Root Access via PAM and Udisks Across Major Distributions
(thehackernews.com)
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Linux is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991 by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution (or distro for short).
Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use the word "Linux" in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software, causing some controversy.
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Yes, or SSH keys or any other means of user authentication. The cool thing in this technique is that it's twofold and you (as an attacker) can cherry-pick the info given. If you walk up locally to someone's running system, you could skip the first half and go with the 'hey, can you resize this XFS image for me' bit.