- Elagabalus (c. 204β222 CE, Roman Empire)
Roman emperor who reportedly preferred to be called a woman and requested surgery to transition.
Ancient sources like Cassius Dio describe Elagabalus as dressing in women's clothing and seeking gender-affirming treatment.
- The Hijra of South Asia (Ancient to Present)
A recognized third gender in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal for thousands of years.
Hijras often undergo ritual castration and live in communities with spiritual and cultural roles.
They are mentioned in ancient Hindu texts like the Kama Sutra.
- Two-Spirit People (Pre-colonial Indigenous North America)
Indigenous cultures across North America recognized people who embodied both masculine and feminine traits.
The term βTwo-Spiritβ is modern, but many tribes had their own terms and roles, often spiritual or societal.
- Chevalier d'Γon (1728β1810, France)
A French diplomat and soldier who lived publicly as a woman for the last 33 years of their life.
Possibly one of the first Western Europeans to openly live a trans or gender non-conforming identity in elite society.
19th to Early 20th Century
- Weβwha (1849β1896, Zuni Nation, U.S.)
A Zuni lhamana (a traditional third gender role among the Zuni people).
Lived as a woman and was a respected cultural ambassador to Washington, D.C. in 1886.
- Albert Cashier (1843β1915, United States)
Irish-born Union soldier who lived as a man and fought in the U.S. Civil War.
Continued to live as a man until being outed late in life.
- Magnus Hirschfeld (1868β1935, Germany)
Not trans himself, but a key figure in early transgender advocacy.
Founded the Institute for Sexual Research in Berlin, where some of the first gender-affirming surgeries were performed.
Advocated for what we now consider transgender rights.
Mid to Late 20th Century
- Christine Jorgensen (1926β1989, United States)
The first American widely known for undergoing gender-affirming surgery (in Denmark, 1952).
Her transition sparked national media coverage and brought trans issues into public consciousness.
- Marsha P. Johnson (1945β1992, United States)
A Black trans activist and key figure in the Stonewall uprising of 1969.
Co-founded Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries (STAR) with Sylvia Rivera.
- Sylvia Rivera (1951β2002, United States)
Latina-American trans activist, involved in early LGBTQ+ rights struggles.
Advocated especially for poor and trans people of color, often left out of mainstream gay rights movements.
Trans Histories in Non-Western Cultures
- Fa'afafine (Samoa)
A traditional third gender recognized in Samoan society.
Fa'afafine are assigned male at birth but take on female gender roles and expressions.
- Kathoey (Thailand)
Often referred to as βladyboysβ in the West (a term not always respectful).
Have been part of Thai society historically, though modern visibility varies in acceptance.