shreddy_scientist

joined 2 years ago
 

Since the genetic code was first deciphered in the 1960s, our genes seemed like an open book. By reading and decoding our chromosomes as linear strings of letters, like sentences in a novel, we can identify the genes in our genome and learn why changes in a gene’s code affect health.

This linear rule of life was thought to govern all forms of life—from humans down to bacteria.

But a new study (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11100668/) by Columbia researchers shows that bacteria break that rule and can create free-floating and ephemeral genes, raising the possibility that similar genes exist outside of our own genome.

“What this discovery upends is the notion that the chromosome has the complete set of instructions that cells use to produce proteins,” says Samuel Sternberg, associate professor of biochemistry & molecular biology at the Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, who led the research with Stephen Tang, an MD/PhD student at the medical school.

“We now know that, at least in bacteria, there can be other instructions not preserved in the genome that are nonetheless essential for cell survival.”

[–] [email protected] 4 points 1 week ago

I went with Petlibro for the feeder and fountain, they've worked well for me.

[–] [email protected] 5 points 1 week ago (2 children)

I bought my cat an auto feeder and a filtered water fountain. Definitely quite pricey, but it's amazing not getting woken up by meows to feed her each morning. Plus, it keeps her on a consistent schedule and seems like she drinks much more water with the filtered fountain too.

[–] [email protected] 3 points 2 weeks ago (1 children)

Arnold H. Glasow basically covered this indirectly when he said "the fewer the facts, the stronger the opinion."

[–] [email protected] 6 points 3 weeks ago

What I never see covered is how Project 2025 is built off of the Mandate for Leadership published in 1981, which was associated with Ronald Reagan. There was also one published in 2015 when Trump ran for the first time. Project 2025 is basically an updated version of the 1981 and 2015 publications. Granted, it's atrocious, but it's all been referenced in some fashion before. This makes the intense focus on Project 2025 seem a bit odd, especially when I don't remember it being discussed at all in 2015.

[–] [email protected] 2 points 3 weeks ago (1 children)

I studied Microbiology and Immunology in undergrad and now working on an immunology PhD. It's for sure my favorite system to study. Check out Jane Way's Immuno Biology. It's an amazing book to get comfortable with how elaborate the immune system function is in our bodies. Learning something new everyday is a goal of mine, sounds like it's the same for you too, which is fun. But ya, immunology is the bee's knees's!!!

[–] [email protected] 2 points 3 weeks ago* (last edited 3 weeks ago) (3 children)

Ya, feedback loops are everywhere in the body. It's basically the default for any reaction involving enzymes, which is most of them. But since heart attacks are a clogging of the passage and only result in tissue damage, I could only see this being used afterwards. But with spinal injuries, it maybe a different story.

I'd bet the collagen is there to ensure it's well received in the heart. As collagen is the main structural protein in the extracellular matrix of a body's various connective tissues. It could also be a guide to ensure it goes to the right location.

Well, it's definitely not an antagonist, it's more the activator of healing if anything. When used for spinal cords, it was "injected as a liquid, the therapy immediately gels into a complex network of nanofibers that mimic the extracellular matrix of the spinal cord. By matching the matrix’s structure, mimicking the motion of biological molecules and incorporating signals for receptors, the synthetic materials are able to communicate with cells." So the motion is just used to active the tissue repair process.

When it comes to immune cells, Th2 is only found as the primary immune pathway in the heart after cardiac arrest. Beforehand it's mainly Th1, which is ideal to eliminate forien bacteria as well as viruses. Th2 is primarily for parasite defense, while also resulting in allergies and the regeneration of mucus. This is a contributing factor in being more likely to have a 2nd cardiac arrest after the 1st.

Th2 vs Th1 is a complex relationship, and it's primarily formed earlier in life. This is why some folks in the 70s used tape worms to cure aliments. It shifted the Th1 response to Th2, providing some relief, yet you had a tape worm in you...

[–] [email protected] 2 points 3 weeks ago* (last edited 3 weeks ago) (5 children)

The dancing molecules lead to gene expression which then starts regenerating the cartilage. They are basically an on switch for the repair. This is massive as it could prevent cardiac arrest from occurring down the road. When cardiac arrest takes place, the chances of it happening again drastically increase due to an alternation of the immune cells made in the heart.

For my fellow nerds, cardiac arrest leads to Th2 immune cell production in the heart instead of Th1, and Th2 is great against parasites, but that's not very helpful at keeping the heart safe. Th2 is also involved in most allergies, which isn't ideal here either. Meaning, by turning on repair genes in the heart before things get more out of line, it will decrease the chances of cardiac arrest, which has numerous benefits immediately as well as down the road.

Like most biological reactions, tissue repair is regulated in a feedback loop. So the dancing molecules get the process started, and once complete the body then stops, as this allows for energy conservation.

[–] [email protected] 11 points 3 weeks ago

You can pick what search engines are sourced, which is fanatic, and it's fully anonymous. My preferred instance is disroot's (https://search.disroot.org) as they are a super trustworthy nonprofit in my book.

[–] [email protected] 6 points 3 weeks ago

Aegis is the move, my favourite option for sure!

[–] [email protected] 3 points 1 month ago

Right! I wonder if there's any way to try and classify these three as monopolies. Either way, this paper explicitly demonstrates these three companies are the marrianets controlling things from the shadows.

[–] [email protected] 3 points 1 month ago

CryptPad is my go to, there's many different instances where you can make an account. Fully encrypted and allows for doc sharing plus working with others on the doc at the same time. Offline can be accomplished by ensuring you downloaded the file, and then uploading the updated doc once back online. It's the bee's knee's! https://cryptpad.fr/

[–] [email protected] 4 points 1 month ago* (last edited 1 month ago)

I believe Joplin still doesn't have a web app unfortunately. StandardNotes does and it could help here too. I'd think just making a new note for each entry will time and date it, but any editing of the note would change the time stamp.

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