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I would say that if you need elevated security mfa is the way to go. Frequent forced password changes are counter productive

Password expirations are bad practice and counter-intuitive to what the ultimate goal is. If you have a long, complex, unique password for a system that is not used anywhere else and is stored in a secure password manager that has not been compromised, changing that password is worse than meaningless, it's actively harmful. No one in the IT or Security field should be advocating for password expirations at this stage of the game. Unfortunately everyone is forced into the practice to comply with PCI regulations that have not kept up with changes in security.

I think it depends on the account. Forcing the typical unprivileged user to change their password frequently ends up creating bad passwords; MFA them instead. But for admin and high privileged accounts that cannot for whatever reason be protected by MFA or need MFA+password I think rotating them with some frequency helps security. One of the MOs of many advanced attackers is to grab the passwords for later access, or they brute force to get those passwords. Changing will reduce the risk of stolen passwords being used on admin accounts. Obvs this is an org's own risk decision based on their data.

In a few instances, yes.

• You might find the task of changing a password frequently to be so tedious that you install and learn how to use a password manager properly, and you use it to generate long random passwords that are unique to every site. Changing your password then becomes a few mouse clicks. This will greatly improve your passwords' quality, as well as your overall security.

• If a site improves their password hashing and storage systems, when you change your password the newer passwords will be hashed with the better algorithm. Yahoo has done this a couple of times over the decades. It's certainly uncommon.

• When a password has been breached but the loss has not yet been discovered or reported, if you happen to change it after the password has been copied but before it is abused by the thieves, you might dodge the bullet. The odds of this particular timing actually happening in a data breach scenario are pretty slim.

• The more likely case is that a password is shared with (or learned by) a coworker who abuses it. Rotating passwords in sensitive positions after a personnel change is a prudent policy.

Note that these two scenarios are literally the only justification ever raised in favor of password rotation policies.

• If you are informed that your password was compromised, change it as soon as you can. If you get lucky you might prevent a loss.

Otherwise it has no effect on Confidentiality or Integrity, and a slightly negative impact on Availability as people often forget their new passwords, or waste productive work time dealing with password changes.