In theory, yes. Vanguard uses ring 0 access; and Failures/crashes on the code that are running on that level will lead to BSOD.
In practice, Riot very likely tests Vanguard on various hardware as parts of their tests before shipping updates on it, as it's used by all players that play Lol and Valorant; and a fuckup like that would mess the trust they've built between the players. Players are trusting them to run ring 0 code on their computer, so they can have a cheatless experience after all.