Linux
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Linux is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991 by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution (or distro for short).
Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use the word "Linux" in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software, causing some controversy.
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This is really cool. I think this is very close to what I want, but am I correct in understanding the host also has an X11 server in this setup? I'll have to check out distrobox, that's an interesting tool.
Have you ever heard of qubes os? The idea of it is absolutely every system component is containerised
I'm sure if anything has a way to achieve what you want it's that
Never tried doing LXC for it but with kvm/qemu you can use vfio and pcie passthrough if you don't need the gpu in your headless server.
https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/PCI_passthrough_via_OVMF
At work the only option I had was to get a Macbook, but I don't like MacOS, so I installed UTM and I run Arch Linux (ALARM for aarch64) as my desktop. It's functional, but of course I'd rather have a beat up, 5 year old Dell or Thinkpad so I could just run Arch natively.
I am not using it, but you can also try Opensuse Kubic. The twist here is that you don't get a completely immutable ISO-type base installation but rather you have an at-boot updateable/customizable base installation image that can't be changed while the OS is running.
You cannot run a GUI in LXC / LXD. If somebody thinks otherwise, please point me in the right direction as I would love this on Proxmox.
Distrobox sounds very close to what you want. You can run the DE and your GUI apps in a container. I think you still need a window server ( Wayland or X11 ) locally though I believe.
You can see your VMs in a web browser ( like Proxmox does ). Again though, the GUI for that has to be hosted in something else.
The other option is to use QEMU and display to SDL. You can do that without a native window server. That is more virtualized than a native window server but now we are starting to add overhead that may not be necessary.
There are some pretty small Wayland compositors and you can start them from the command line. Velox is just a few megs I think. You do not need a graphical login manager. All you need is a compositor and you can run distrobox from there.
You cannot run a GUI in LXC
It's probably possible, especially considering lxc can run systemd nowadays, and I can find many sources on this, for GUI and for GPU acceleration (but not in proxmox):
https://stgraber.org/2017/03/21/cuda-in-lxd/
And then there are also technologies like KasmVNC which can serve a GUI as a website, and it doesn't need a GPU at all.
EDIT: Two year old guide, but a redditor pulled it off
Maybe Vanilla OS will be of interest?
What are your goals? What's the motive to containerize? Is it security?
Do you specifically need a full DE, or are you okay with something more lightweight like a window manager or kiosk mode display?
That's a good question. Security is a factor. I like the idea of a containerized DE so I can easily back up and restore changes independently of the distro beneath. Or like totally abandon one, try something new, and still have the first setup available. I think a container could be portable from system to system, maybe less of a burden migrating to a new machine?
I also think it would be interesting :)
My objective with the DE is to be able to play GPU accelerated games and browse the web. I'd be fine with a simpler software than a full DE if I could do that.
That's probably not a good idea
I get that it could be a PITA to achieve / not worth the effort, but otherwise I think it is a great idea.
sound like you want virtual machine.