I wrote a (very long) blog post about those viral math problems and am looking for feedback, especially from people who are not convinced that the problem is ambiguous.
It's about a 30min read so thank you in advance if you really take the time to read it, but I think it's worth it if you joined such discussions in the past, but I'm probably biased because I wrote it :)
Used to not be. Except for Texas Instruments all the others reverted to doing it correctly now - I have no idea why Texas Instruments persists with doing it wrong. As you noted, Sharp has always done it correctly.
Yes there is. It's taught in literally every Year 7-8 Maths textbook (but apparently Texas Instruments don't care about that).